The primary objective of the CWA is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters. To prevent contamination and deterioration of water quality, wastewater from industrial, commercial, and residential activities is treated at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) before it is discharged to surface water or groundwater. At present, there are more than 15,000 municipal wastewater treatment plants or publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) in the United States that process over 34 billion gallons of domestic sewage and other wastewater each day 21. Sewage sludge represents the largest source of residual solids generated during the treatment of municipal wastewater by POTWs as well as by privately and federally owned wastewater treatment works.
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