Concrete structures in severe environments include a variety of different
types of structure in various types of environment. In addition to all the
important concrete infrastructures which are severely exposed to aggressive environments from de-icing salts, most of the extensive experience on concrete structures in severe environments is related to the marine environment. Of the total surface area of the globe, about 70 per cent is covered by ocean water, which means that the area of the oceans makes up about two and a half times the area of the land. When considering the even smaller part of the land area which is inhabitable and increasingly more populated, this indicates an increasing need in the years to come of moving even more activities into the ocean waters and marine environments. This increasing need may be briefly characterized by a few keywords such as raw materials, energy, transportation and space.
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