The distribution engineer has not had the same number of tools as the systems engineer to analyze the distribution system under steady-state (power-flow) and fault (short-circuit) conditions. Without these tools the distribution engineer has been left in the dark (no pun intended) as to the operating characteristics of distribution feeders. A lot of “seat of the pants” engineering has had to take place in order to keep the lights on. In recent years more attention has been devoted to the computer modeling and analysis of distribution systems. Computer programs are now available so that the distribution engineer can develop a real feel for how the distribution system is operating. With the tools, power-flow studies can be run to simulate present loading conditions and to help with the long-range planning of new facilities. The tools also provide an opportunity for the distribution engineer to do such things as optimize capacitor placement in order to minimize losses. Different switching scenarios for normal and emergency conditions can be simulated, and short-circuit studies provide the necessary data for the development of a reliable coordinated protection plan for fuses, reclosers, and relay/circuit breakers. In short, the distribution engineer now has the needed tools. A word of warning: most of the problems are very number intensive, intensive to the point that most of them cannot be worked easily without using a computing tool such as Mathcad. Students are urged to learn how to use this very powerful program.
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